GeesL

Preliminary valuations in my future book (?) about The Star Systems

About 5 billion years ago the Solar System was made from the leftovers of a much earlier star that went nova. Spiral matters of dust and ice particles reached billions of miles from the centre of the nova explosion.

During many hundred thousand years the spirals lumped together (through flocculation) to make even thicker spirals, until those got so heavy that they began to contract and curve around a common centre of gravity while giving the proto star rotational velocity (analogue to a skater pulling her arms together to make a pirouette).

At the formation of spirals the dust particles and the ice particles split (due to different density and vibrations) to shape "countless" mingled layers of ice and dust. Through gravity the spirals contracted within and got closer to each other, which meant that dust particles from different layers got tighter and the temperature in each spiral rose due to friction, so that much of the ice particles eventually turned into water.

The process of turning ice into water was chaotic and uneven, and much of the water froze and melted over and over again to make bigger lumps of water and ice at a certain distance from the spirals common centre of gravity. The lumps easily froze together, and since ice are less dense than water, large layers of ice and water vibrated the dust layers tighter and tighter to shape "countless" rocks of different size and density by the extra influence of gravity and increasing temperature near the centre of the proto star (later the Sun).

At the centre large layers of water quickly turned into steam, and in a serial like explosions caused by the quick expansion of hot water, huge parts of rocks, water and ice broke loose, and like sledge hammers the parts (or prototype planets) were slung out from the centre.

At a certain distance much of the water at the prototype planets froze to bigger or smaller lumps of ice, and due to less density only tailed along with a lot of dust. Some of the lumps of ice got loose through the sledgehammer effect to become (dirty) comets. A sort of sledgehammer effect also happened inside the prototype planets themselves (due to hot steam and gravity from the proto star) to form several satellites - or moons - of different size already when the p-planets were travelling from the centre of the glowing protostar to find a stable orbit many millions of miles away.

Lighter elements (like helium) and water particles near the centre of the proto star were in the hot stage too little dense to follow the "sledgehammers" in a large degree, and much of the heavier elements (like metals) were in the centre too compact, and by the influence of too great gravity, not able to tag along with the sledgehammers.

So the central parts of the proto star were soon hotter, while the prototype planets melted and partly froze over again on their travel from the centre of the proto star. Much of the lighter elements lumped together and through the heat around the rocks they got less dense. So gas prototype planets (with a heavy rock core) suddenly lost much of their mass (to the proto star) and gained speed to travel further than the lighter rocky prototype planets (with more water/ice than gas layers).

Through gravity from the newborn star - the Sun - the planets found their orbits. If the Moon had been twice as big and the Earth had been 50% smaller, they could have been a double (or binary) planetary system with a shared (or almost shared) atmosphere and a stable spiral orbit around the Sun, so "the one Earth" in a few hours would be ahead of "the other Earth" - and vice versa.

Probably are binary planetary systems quite common around stars in the universe, and life probably occurs more often in such systems than on "lonely" Earths. The days are perhaps 50% longer than the days on our Earth due to the spiral delay by orbiting along a common centre of gravity, but the year is perhaps 50% shorter than the year on Earth. The tidewater at a binary planet follows curves that give rapid and expanded distrubution of water together with weather systems. Predictable, but rapid shifting levelling conditions like that would help and stimulate evolution of life.